Should Laptops Be Banned from the Classroom. Essay Example Essay Example

Should Laptops Be Banned from the Classroom. Essay Example Paper Should Laptops Be Banned from the Classroom. Essay Introduction The world is rapidly progressing to a more technologically advanced era. Information and Communication Technology has influenced individual’s behavior, thinking skills and ability to fulfill daily tasks and responsibilities. As a result, the education system has incorporated technological tools into the curriculum. These tools include: radio broadcasting, computers, audio visual systems, the Internet, virtual learning centers, networks, instructional software, and projectors. Thus, the Ministry of Education’s philosophy (2005, p. 0) states that â€Å"Applying technology in education would enhance human capacity, dynamize the teaching/learning environment, promote creativity, innovation, critical thinking, decision making and lifelong learning. † This predominant point suggests that laptops should not be banned in the classroom at the University level. Reasons are distribution, media, productivity, Internet, software, virtuality, management and environment. From t he inception of the People’s Partnership government in 2010, an innovative approach has been implemented to endorse literacy, numeracy and critical thinking skills. The People’s Partnership (2010) acknowledged that, â€Å"Information Technology based learning will be infused in education at primary and secondary levels to support and complement other forms of teaching, learning and basic research. † As a result, The Prime Minister declared that, â€Å"Every child going on to secondary school from the Secondary Entrance Assessment will be provided with a laptop to begin their secondary school education. † (2010) With reference to this statement, I deem it necessary for laptops to be used at the University level. Students spend majority of their time doing research, completing assignments, downloading notes from e-mails or the internet and most importantly, engaging in computer aided instruction at classes. A Laptop is an effective tool that facilitates lea rning to all students in and out of the classroom. The previously mentioned effective tool aims to change teaching to a student-centered process and make education more relevant. Trinidad and Tobago Computer Society (2010). Laptops allow students the individual attention that fosters learning and provides effective feedback. Apart from this, lesson content are delivered through media in classes. Should Laptops Be Banned from the Classroom. Essay Body Paragraphs Projectors, speakers and laptops are some of the technological tools that promote teaching and learning. With regards to this, the Ministry of Education (2005) states that, The Ministry of Education recognizes the importance of locally produced ICT curriculum resources to support education reform in this digital era. As such, digital resources shall play a central role in integrating ICT into the curriculum, developing innovative practices and transforming the way students learn. To promote more effective use of ICT in the classroom, the MOE shall develop and supply quality digital education resources for teaching, learning and testing. All digital content shall be relevant to the local curriculum and directed toward curriculum outcomes. (p. 26) Students are more motivated to learn and teaching is enthusiastic as students participate in lifelong learning. Additionally, students naturally gravitate to the most attractive mode of content delivery. The implementation of technological to ols such as the laptop increases productivity. Students will develop a more positive attitude towards school and a more organized learning environment. Furthermore, students would be able to complete their work in a shorter period more effectively and efficiently. The laptop enables students to use productivity tools such as Microsoft office which includes word processors, spreadsheets, databases and power point presentations. â€Å"At institutions where technology are fully integrated into the teaching and learning process all students are able to create output using a word processor, spreadsheet and presentation software. † according to the (Ministry of Education, 2005, p. 19) This essential program aids students in their assignments and teachers in their lesson planning. With the use of the laptop, they can construct and create documents in meetings or anywhere convenient. Productivity tools better prepare students for the workplace and foster creativity and innovation to benefit society. According to the (Minister of Education, the Honorable Hazel Manning 2007), â€Å"Let us seize this opportunity to use ICT across the curriculum. Utilize it for your lessons planning, utilize it for the delivery of your lessons. † Simulations are software that enhances learning and allows students to experience real world systems. This makes learning safe and provides students the opportunity to experience the impossible. The Ministry of Education has received funding from the World Bank to support education, but that ICT are not funded. A 2006 IDB grant of US$67,000 was matched by US$45,000 from the government to jumpstart development of the country’s IT sector by increasing capacity in software development. † (Gaible Trucano 2009 p. 66). Courses at the University level use simulations and other software to enhance the lesson and learning. If students are equipped with laptops in the classroom, they can utilize this software while the lesson is being delivered. Understanding of content is increased when students have access to this software. It compresses time, is cost effective and allows repetition so students can maximize learning. â€Å"Educational simulations have a number of advantages over other instructional methodologies and media. Students often find active participation in simulations to be more interesting, intrinsically motivating and closer to real world experiences than other learning modalities. † (Alessi, Trollip, as cited in Lunce, 2006). The internet is another technological tool that fosters learning and is a predominant tool in classrooms. Laptops are equipped with Wi-Fi capabilities, which is a wireless function to connect to the internet. The internet is accessible in all educational institutions and is used in the classroom. Access to a pool of resources, use of course management systems (Blackboard), and e-mail are all primary reasons for internet connections especially for university stud ents. The curriculum has been upgraded and assignments can be submitted online. â€Å"Internet Access will provide for further content. It makes available the vast knowledge and materials on the World Wide Web. Where possible and necessary, the Ministry of Education shall provide high speed Internet access to all its institutions. †(Ministry of Education, 2005, p. 31) If students are engaged in activities that requires research, they can access the internet from their laptops. Another predominant factor is that a student’s personal computer enables them to have their work at hand instead of using the school’s computer. Hence, any extra work that is done at school or during classes can be used when necessary at home. New information is presented every day and further research can always be done to better our understanding. Tons of books and numerous handouts are usual tedious tasks for University students. Not only do you look studious, nerds are your best compet ition as you move around fully loaded. Luckily, the introduction of laptops has diminished this challenging capacity to store and manage information. According to Carter (2006 p. 10), â€Å"The technology is used to help students think and communicate effectively. The computer is a tool. † Moreover, the University of Trinidad and Tobago has created a mission to â€Å"Go Green†, thus saving paper. This allows students to use online books and resources attainable from the features of a laptop. Random access memory allows for this convenient ability for students to move around with everything at hand. Information can be added, modified or updated and even deleted. As time goes by, this collection of information can become frustrating since files may not be usable as it gets old or even misplaced. However, the laptop enables its users to data or information by naming each document or file and selecting its storage space for quick, easy retrieval. Students can store their n otes for each class and retrieve them quickly when the teacher requests or mentions it. According to Dr. Abshire (as cited in Lewin, 2009), At Cienega High School, students who own laptops can register for digital sections of several English, history and science classes. They don’t engage with textbooks that are finite, linear and rote. Teachers need digital resources to find those documents, those blogs, those wikis that get them beyond the plain vanilla curriculum in the textbooks. In conclusion, â€Å"As the Ministry of Education becomes more students centered and ICT driven, we know that greater use must be made of the global currency of information. (Minister of Education, Senator the Honorable Hazel Manning, 2007) Students develop higher cognitive skills and improve collaborative skills with the introduction of ICT in the curriculum. At the university level, students are being educated and prepared for the workplace. Thus, an effective and efficient technological tool is the laptop. If students are allowed to laptops in the classroom, school would be more interesting and motivating as lifelong learning and training cannot be confined to the traditional classroom. References Gaible, E. , Trucano, M. (Eds. ). 2009). Survey of ICT and education in the Caribbean Volume II:Country reports. Washington, DC. Lewin, T. (2009 August 8). In a digital future, textbooks are history. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/2009/08/09/education/09textbook. html? _r=1pagewanted=all Lunce, L. (2006). Simulations: Bringing the benefits of situated learning to the traditional classroom. Journal of Applied Educational Technology, 3(1), 38. Manning, S. (2007). Ministry of Education, Illuminant and Hewlett Packard: Increasing the use of ICT in education. Newsday,p. A. 25 Ministry of Education. (2005, September). Draft policy for Information and Communications Technology in Education. Retrieved from http://www. moe. gov. tt/general_pdfs/moe_ict_poli cy. pdf The People’s Partnership. (2010, April), Prosperity for all manifesto. Retrieved from http://www. coptnt. com/ver03/media/peoples-manifesto-2010. pdf Trinidad and Tobago Computer Society. (2010). Laptops in schools programme. Retrieved from http://www. ttcsweb. org/articles/Laptops_in_Schools_Programme. pdf We will write a custom essay sample on Should Laptops Be Banned from the Classroom. Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Should Laptops Be Banned from the Classroom. 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Kindergartens as a First Step towards Adult Life

Kindergartens as a First Step towards Adult Life A person's development begins from the very childhood. During their very first years children become more and more curious about the world around them and get some education by learning how to speak and asking all their why-questions. Then they start to learn the alphabet and start to read. They want to learn more about this life and demonstrate their talents. Before the age of six children are very sensitive, and it is crucial to find the right approach to every single individual at this period of time. The reality today is that parents cannot afford to stay at home with their children all day. Nowadays both parents have to work to make money for their family, and not every couple can hire a person that will take care of their children. This is why kindergartens are so popular and widespread in almost every country. Children are sent to the full-day kindergartens, and these places have a great impact on their upbringing and further education. A lot of researchers believe that it is crucial for younger children to have an access to education because it has a positive impact on their ability to read; besides, this improves their cognitive performance throughout their lives. Anyway, if parents have to spens all day at work and nobody can help them, they do not even ask the question about the importance of a kindergarten – this place is their only option. However, some families can choose to let a child go to the kindergarten or to stay with him/her at home. What should these parents prefer? Is a kindergarten the best alternative for them and their child? Disadvantages of a Kindergarten We would like to start this discussion with disadvantages of sending children to kindergartens. First and foremost, this experience is always stressful for children. No matter how good the teacher is and how great the other kids are, a child who comes to the kindergarten from home always feels nervous and stressed because of this huge change. The child is surrounded by strangers, his/her dear parents do not come to take him/her home for a few hours already – a child does not understand that immediately, which might cause a negative reaction. However, usually children overcome these difficulties and start to enjoy their days in the kindergarten a lot. Secondly, they can be negatively influenced by other children. Children in the kindergarten can have different backgrounds, and there is always a risk of a negative impact on your child. This is normal because teachers cannot control all communication between the children, and here it is very important for parents to help their children be open with them and teach them how to treat other children and how to solve conflicts. Advantages of a Kindergarten There are a lot of advantages of kindergartens which make these institutions so popular. To begin with, kindergartens help children become more independent. It is extremely valuable that children can learn how to do a lot of things without their parents’ help. They learn how to make the bed, how to clean, how to put on clothes, etc. When children stay home with their mothers or grandparents, they do not need to think about such important things because adults take care of them. However, at certain age children already need to do a lot of things without adults’ assistance, and kindergartens help them achieve this goal. Secondly, all children need to communicate with other children starting with the age of three or four. At this age they already require important social skills and learn how to build relationships with other people (in this case with their peers). Kindergartens also allow them to spend more time with other adults. This might be stressful for some children, but it is crucial because later they will become school students and they will have to establish good relationships with their school teachers. In the kindergarten children learn that parents are not the only authoritative people in their lives. Since children acquire all these social skills in the kindergarten, it is easier for them to study in school and make friends there and be in good terms with their teachers. Another very strong advantage of a kindergarten is education. This is the place where children start to learn how to write and improve their reading skills. They get a lot of different math assignment and have to memorize poems and perform them in front of their peers. In the kindergarten children make their first educational steps which help them a lot when they come to school. Since they do not have an easy access to TVs and computers, children are more busy with other activities: either they play together outside, which is great for their health, or do some sewing and knitting exercises which develop their fine motor skills. In the kindergarten children have to be disciplined and follow strict rules, and this is also very useful because it makes their transition to school much easier and less stressful. As you can see, kindergartens have their pros and cons, and it is only up to you to decide whether you want your child to go such a place. You can send your child to a kindergarten and see how he/she reacts. If this is too much for you boy or girl, then you should wait a little. However, your child can enjoy going to the kindergarten, and all your problems will be solved.

Et Al. Meaning and How to Use It

Et Al. Meaning and How to Use It Et al. essentially means â€Å"and others,† extra, or in addition. It is the abbreviated form of the Latin expression et alia (or et alii or et aliae, the masculine and feminine form of the plural, respectively). The abbreviation et al. often appears in academic documents. It is generally used in footnotes and citations: for example, when a book has multiple authors, et al. can be used after the first name to indicate that there are more than two other authors who worked on the project.   How to Use Et Al. Et al. can be used in a situation that refers to more than two people. Make sure it’s always followed with a period, which indicates that it’s an abbreviation, but given its prevalence in the English language, italicizing it is not necessary in reference citations, though some publications may require it. According to the APA, it should only be used when there are two or more authors. For three to five authors, all names must be listed within the first citation, but all following citations can include just the name of the first author and et al. For six or more authors, the first author and et al. can be used in all citations, including the first. If you’re referencing sources with many of the same authors, spell out as many names as possible before using et al., until there is no room for confusion. If using a different style guide, be sure to reference the corresponding manual as rules can differ. Keep in mind that since et al. is plural, it must apply to at least two people. For example, if you are dealing with four authors and have typed out three names, you cannot use et al. to substitute the last one, since it cannot be used in place of just one person. Does it have a place outside of citations? Generally, no. Though not technically incorrect, it would be rare, and overly formal, to see it within an email greeting to multiple people, such as: â€Å"Dear Bill et al.†Ã‚   Et Al. vs. Etc. Et al. might sound familiar to another abbreviation we encounter regularly: â€Å"etc.† Short for â€Å"et cetera†- which means â€Å"and the rest† in Latin- â€Å"etc.† refers to a list of things, rather than individuals. Unlike et al. which normally makes appearances in academic sources, â€Å"etc.† is both formal and informal and can be used in a wide variety of contexts. Examples of Et Al. Jolly et al. (2017) published a revolutionary study on the role of the gut microbiome: In this sentence, et al. doesn’t appear on a reference list, but still serves to indicate that Jolly and others contributed to the study in question.  Some large-scale surveys found cats to be the preferred pet (McCann et al., 1980) while others found dogs to be the ideal pet (Grisham Kane, 1981): In this example, et al. is used in the first citation because there are more than two authors. If this is a first citation, that indicates there are six or more authors, or if this is a subsequent citation in the text, there could be three or above authors. Et al. is not used in the last citation because there are only two authors who worked on the study.  Meditation once a week was found to improve focus by 20% in study participants (Hunter, Kennedy, Russell, Aarons, 2009). Meditation once a day was found to increase focus by 40% among participants (Hunter et al., 2009): This example, though citations of the same study would normally not occur in such close proximity, shows how et al. is used when introducing a work co-authored by three to five individuals. Et al. is reserved for all subsequent citations, with the first clearly naming everyone involved.   The Other â€Å"Et Al.†: Et Alibi In less common situations, et al. stands for et alibi, which refers to locations that will not appear in a list. For example, if you went on a trip, you could use et alibi when writing down the places and hotels you visited so you don’t have to name all of them. This can also be used to refer to locations within a text.   How do you remember what this means? Think of an alibi, which is used to prove that a criminal suspect was elsewhere when the crime took place, thus absolving them of suspicion.

Future Trends in HR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Future Trends in HR - Essay Example The digital age enables part-time, remote work along with new paradigms that reward creativity. Motivation cohesive teams capitalize upon new systems of applying human intellect. Certain advances in HRM have helped meet these challenges. Holistic management helps leaders see people within an organizational framework where these process networks are emerging (Chiavenato 2001). Some of the traditional roles of HRM have become domain of middle management, and strategic planning has become a task for HRM. Joint decisions and communication augment this emerging corporate culture.Helping employees develop their full potential as well as developing alternatives to traditional conflict management are just some of the new trends toward more effective HRM. As globalization continues to consolidate many of the previously disparate systems in business, HRM is changing to meet these new challenges. It is becoming more and more dynamic and is emerging as a synergistic force in this global economy. Nevertheless, as nuances in organizations appear, HRM must adapt to dynamically meet these demands. Chiavenato, I. (2001). Advances and challenges in human resource management in the new millennium.

Criminal Rehabilitation Risk Assessment Instruments Essay

Criminal Rehabilitation Risk Assessment Instruments - Essay Example The process can be understood as the continuous process to ensure the evaluation of risk in the fast changing environment in different situations like operations, so that appropriate control measures could be implemented in way that it ensures the acceptable level for safety. The following report is based on enhancements that have taken place in such models, how these instruments work, what is required, what is the current level, and the different instruments are discussed. Risk Assessment Tools: The risk is basically calculated and measured before the dynamic situation, and after and during the process of the operations. The critical aspect is measured in order to weigh the benefits that are to be achieved with the risk that are being associated with the different stages of the activity. The entire process is based on the saying â€Å"think before you act rather than act before you think.† There are several factors which distinguish the dynamic risk assessment from other risk assessment processes; such factors are (Tullett, 2010): Unpredictable and unseen risks The risk environment changes on the rapid pace Enables the individual to judge the risk The approach is also varied, it provides with the persistent and personal approach towards the evaluation of risk There are several different tools that are being used in order to assess the risks that are being associated with those who conduct criminal activities called offenders. These tools are basically used in order to measure the probability of persons getting back into the society. By using these tools we can identify which offender is vulnerable to which extent of risk and is in need of intervention. The assessment tools that are used for this purpose also specify the service that is needed in order to organize the evaluation. The different tools that are being used these days are (Landers, 2011): Screening: The tool used for supervising the community screening is normally called the CSST, and it is b eing used many states. The core reason to use this tool is to focus on the low risk offenders, and using this tool helps the agencies to spend lesser amounts of money on the low risk offenders, so that their focus and attention do not get diverted and they can work on major projects. Using this tool, the agencies are able to handle the low risk offenders. This tool works on the four basic principles by providing the agencies better way to handle such situations. These principle categories are the number of criminal acts, current employment, drug access, and relationships with criminal associates. This screening tool is being used for both genders who are involved in low risk offenses (Bateman, 2006). Psychological: There are many institutes who are using this practice in order to conduct the evaluation of the offenders by psychological testing done through interviews. After treatment, the psychologist may recommend the offender continuethe treatment or may also plan a new schedule f or such offenders. In some cases the treatment is started from the very beginning, at the intake of such persons who are involved in crime. Intake is itself a process to make the criminal individual ready for the treatment program after the arrival at the facility. This tool helps the institute to realize the intensity and the magnitude of the offender to be treated and also enables the creation of the appropriate

Vaccine and Multiple Vaccines Safe Essay Example for Free

Vaccine and Multiple Vaccines Safe Essay Vaccinations are a big part of people’s lives. There are immunization programs for children that very much encourage vaccinations; starting them off early as steady, life-long customers. Years ago, when vaccines were first invented, they were made up of saline solution and the dead virus. Now, there’s so much more in the vaccine that most people don’t know about. The way that vaccines are made is unethical, from the ingredients, to the way the ingredients are collected. Many who get vaccinated just take their doctor’s knowledge of medicine for granted and don’t bother to research what’s being injected into their body. Edward Jenner invented the vaccine in 1796. The original purpose for it was to protect people against smallpox. He noticed that even during the peak of the smallpox epidemic, the milkmaids never got the disease. After further research, he theorized that the reason why the milkmaids didn’t get smallpox was because they came in contact with cowpox while milking the cows. The cowpox strengthened their immune system against smallpox. Jenner extracted the liquid from the inside of a cowpox sore on a milkmaid named Sarah Nelmes. Next, Jenner found a farmer named Phipps and asked him if he could inject his son, James, with the liquid. He explained to Phipps that if his theory was correct, James would never get smallpox. Phipps agreed. Jenner made two small cuts in the arm of the boy and poured the liquid from Sarah into the cuts. James came down with cowpox which lasted 6 weeks. After those 6 weeks, Jenner vaccinated him with the dried up pus from the sore of a smallpox victim. James didn’t catch smallpox. Jenner’s theory was correct, lucky for him. If he had been wrong, and James did catch smallpox and died, Jenner would have been considered a murderer. (A History of Vaccines) When Jenner first invented the vaccine, it was purely the virus that was suspended in saline solution. Now, there are so many additives and fillers in vaccines, it’s no wonder there are so many rising health problems. One of the most shocking ingredients is mercury. Mercury is in a preservative called thimerosal, which is used in vaccinations. Even the smallest amount of mercury in a body can cause nerve damage. Symptoms of mercury toxicity are similar to those of autism. Another preservative is formalin which contains the embalming fluid, formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is the liquid that cadavers are soaked in to keep them from rotting while research is done on them. It is poison to the gastrointestinal, liver, respiratory, immune, nervous, and reproductive systems. The reason it’s in vaccinations is because it stops viruses from replicating or reproducing themselves. Another shocking ingredient is genetically modified yeast, animal, bacterial and viral DNA. This can incorporate itself into the recipient’s DNA and cause genetic mutations. Phenoxyethanol is used in anti-freeze as well as vaccines. It’s a preservative that prevents bacterial and fungal contamination. Phenoxyethanol is toxic to all cells and is capable of disabling the immune system’s primary response mechanism. Aluminum is used in vaccinations as an adjuvant, which improves immune response. It can cause brain damage, and is suspected to cause Alzheimer’s Disease, dementia, and coma. Beta-Propiolactone is a sterilizing ingredient in vaccines. It is known to cause cancer and is poisonous. Probably the most horrifying ingredient in vaccines is the human and animal cells. Human cells from aborted fetal tissue and human serum albumin (the most abundant protein in human blood plasma), and animal cells from pig blood, horse blood, rabbit brain, guinea pig, dog kidney, cow heart, monkey kidney, chick embryo, chicken egg, duck egg, calf serum, and sheep blood. These are in vaccines because viruses cannot grow on their own; they must have a living host to grow in. (Interview with Sherri Tenpenny About Dangers of Vaccines – NaturalNews. tv) (Vaccination Education Center) This leads to the question, are vaccines cruelty-free? The answer is no, they are most certainly not. The pharmaceutical corporations are okay with the abuse of animals. They purposely give animals diseases for research and inbreed them to the point of it being cruel to keep them alive because of all their health problems. The lab that harvests the cells from chicken eggs isn’t any better. They keep the chickens crammed up in a shed until they die from old age or sicknesses. The fertilized eggs are kept in constant light which is very hard on the chicks and makes them so weak that the chicks don’t even react when the lab technician â€Å"candles† the eggs to check their development. When they’re through collecting the cells from the eggs, they freeze them and throw them away. Freezing the eggs freezes the chick alive on the inside. Sometimes, when an overabundance of eggs occurs, the lab technician doesn’t even bother to freeze the eggs, they just throw them away, killing the chick slower. If for no other reason, hearing about the cruelty towards animals should be the point where people decide not to support vaccinations. Vaccinations started off as good intentions but have been corrupted over time. Children are dangerously overdosed. Neil Z. Miller, the author of â€Å"Overdosed Babies: Are Multiple Vaccines Safe? † writes, â€Å"Today, children receive one vaccine at birth, eight vaccines at two months, eight vaccines at four months, nine vaccines at six months, and twelve additional vaccines between 12 and 18 months. The pure and innocent baby is overdosed with 38 vaccine/drugs by the time he or she is 1? years old! † In an interview with Dr. Sherri Tenpenny, she mentions the fact that the flu shot was not originally meant for children. When it was first made, the drug companies deemed it dangerous. A little while later they realized they couldn’t put it on the vaccination schedule for adults if they didn’t have it on the vaccination schedule for children, so they added it. Now they have vaccination programs for children and even have children’s shows supporting them. All of the poisons in vaccinations outweigh the benefits. Is it really worth getting cancer, dementia, and birth defects just so that the flu is avoided? Harris L. Coulter, Ph. D. ays, â€Å"A major cause of the Roman Empire’s decline, after six centuries of world dominance was its replacement of stone aqueducts by lead pipes for the transport and supply of drinking water. Roman engineers, the best in the world, turned their fellow citizens into neurological cripples. Today our own â€Å"best and brightest,† with the best of intentions, achieve the same end through childhood vaccination programs yielding the modern s courges of hyperactivity, learning disabilities, autism, appetite disorders, and impulsive violence. † The drug companies that distribute these vaccines are fully aware of what’s in them and their harmful effects. They see it as job security. If the people that they give these vaccinations to get the impending side effects of them, they’ll go back to the doctor and ask for medications to rid them of the side effects. These medications will only fix that one problem and give them a plethora of other side effects. It’s a vicious cycle of expensive, dangerous drugs. Autism, for example, requires at least 5 different medications. Just one of these medications such as an anti-depressant, like Prozac and Zoloft which control anxiety, depression, and obsessive compulsive disorder can cause many side effects. Common side effects of these medications include sleepiness, nervousness, insomnia, dizziness, nausea, rashes, headache, diarrhea, upset stomach, and weight loss. (â€Å"Top 5 Drugs for Autism†) Therefore, with all these side effects, doctors and nurses will always have a job. Even if parents decide not to get their children vaccinated, the children will still end up getting the harmful ingredients and effects of vaccines, because the aluminum, mercury, and other poisons, stay in the bodies of the parents forever and will be passed on to their children. Be it through breast milk or blood, the children will get it. Vaccines and Your Child) (â€Å"Overdosed Babies: Are Multiple Vaccines Safe? †) Vaccinations, in my opinion, are surrounded with unethical practices and procedures. There are vaccines on the vaccination schedule that are not proven to be able to treat or prevent anything. The only reason they’re on the vaccination schedule is so that the pharmaceutical corporations can make more money and appear to be helping to make people healthier. Everyone should educate themselves on what’s being injected into their body and not just trust their doctor. Some doctors only think about the money and not really about what’s healthy for the patient. For example, the doctor could know perfectly well that a vaccine was unnecessary or unhealthy for the patient but if there were going to be benefits given to that doctor; they’d give the patient the vaccine anyway. This is the reason why there are so many rising health problems. Animal cruelty is another unethical practice. The animal testing, the giving animals diseases for research, the unnecessary wastefulness of chicks, it’s all unethical and disgusting. I, for one, am definitely going to think twice before I vaccinate myself, and in the future, my children.

The Need for Reform in Collegiate Sports Essay -- science university a

The Need for Reform in Collegiate Sports The current institutional structure of intercollegiate athletics is attempting to maximize educational quality and athletic excellence simultaneously. Each of which will inevitably impinge on one another. Universities claim that their athletes are amateurs who are attending college for academic achievement and play sports in their free time. This is an impossible task for anybody. Higher education has entered the arena of big business with its athletic programs and with it many problems have emerged for coaches, athletes, and the athletic system itself. There is systematic corruption. Exploitation and hypocrisy are givens in college athletics. Athletic personnel are mistakenly given the responsibility for academic integrity of student athletes. With this responsibility emerges at best indifference and at worst complicate the corruption in college athletics. There is a huge demand for reform. The critics argue the issue of amateurism versus professionalism in college athletics. They also disagree on the means in which reform should be instigated. Many look towards the government for answers while the NCAA would like to regulate itself. There needs to be resolution somewhere because the integrity of sports is in jeopardy. College athletes are expected to combine their athletic dreams with academic endeavors. Many athletes use college as a stepping-stone into professional leagues. College is simply a means to their athletic career. Charles Reed, a chancellor for Florida State, feels that the purpose for education is being lost to these individuals. Universities primary existence is due to an academic mission, not athletic entertainment. However, athletes are expected to practice 30 hours a week, attend at the minimum 12 hours of class, do homework, study for exams, travel to out of town games, and have some kind of a social life. To meet the needs of athletes, universities have lowered their academic standards and programs. Athletes are often clustered into classes that they have the best chance of passing. The goal of striving towards academic integrity has shifted from the best education to the easiest one. Raymie McKerrow, a professor, seems to think this is not all negative. She says that sports ar e an educational entity in their own right. Sports teach, â€Å"enduring values of challenge and response, teamwo... ...the state graduate with me from high school, but he did not attend college. He couldn’t read or write. Even at the high school level teachers and coaches were shuffling him along to keep him eligible. This cannot be allowed. Teachers must be held accountable. Shannon Brownlee also recognizes the failure of middle and high schools. I agree with Tom McMillen that the NCAA cannot regulate itself. It has been trying for years, but nothing ever seems to truly change. The NCAA has proposed strong bills such as Proposition 8 and then passed a weaker version. They passed regulations that limit summer play for football and then schedule a Pigskin Classic for August. They say that they are in favor of academia, but slate games across the country in the middle of the school week. I feel that they are hypocritical in their actions and become part of the problem. There is very little research on actual reform programs. Those that have been implemented are on paper only. This is not a new idea, but the amount of money and popularity generated by this enterprise has overshadowed any progress. The only test for current reforms lies in the future. Only time can tell what that will hold.

A Quick Review of the United States Media Ownership Essay

This paper is an affirmation that I support the criticism of McChesney that the United States is remotely close to a democratic society in terms of the many making the core political decision. Many key decisions are the province of the corporate sector and most decision made by the government are influenced by powerful special interests with little public awareness or input. According to Wellstone, the media is no ordinary channel of communication between the government and the public (Wellstone, 2008, p. 1). He also affirmed that the media is lifeblood of democracy in America (Wellstone, 2008, p. 1). It is not denied that without the media, the free flow of important news and information relating to the democratic process will be affected. It will weaken the democratic chain of the country and eventually affect the economic, political and cultural development of the country. In connection with these, it is evident that during the 21st century, there were many instances that media mergers occurred in the political and social arena of the United States (Wellstone, 2008, p. 1). Because of that, the fast and dynamic concentration of domination over the United States, media mergers posed a troubling issue for American  system  of  representative  democracy  (Wellstone,  2008,  p.  1).  Scheisel mentioned that the news and information that SBC Communications Incorporated would take and own the Ameritech Corporation greatly shifts the equilibrium relating to power in the United States telecommunications industry (Scheisel, 2008, p. 1). As a result, some political analysts predicted that such announcement, which was motivated by the exploration for savings and financial power, would attach fuel to the already shattering engine of mergers in the communications industry (Scheisel, 2008, p. 1). Moreover, Shah added that traditionally, the media is the foundation of information anticipated to let the public recognize on how the government was operated by their chosen public officials. If there is any hint of bias and chaos in the operation of these means of communication, the democratic chain of the society will weaken. In short, the people will no longer know the exact claims and actuations of the representatives they intended to govern for their welfare. Our awareness of the issue must include the fact that media omissions, distortion, inaccuracy and bias is a little recognized by many people outside the USA, and is gradually understood more and more within the American nation (Nadir, 2005. p. 1). This is an alarming report because in the first place our primary concern should rest on the effective communication between the government and the governed. Essentially, giant telecommunication companies like the AT&T, Pacific Telesis Group, and others that works within a democratic society can greatly stir the way we live. Since we are used to listen, ponder, debate, comment and criticize the different conduct and activities of our political leaders, genuine and exact public information is vital to us. Yet, would that be possible if there will be bias in sending information out of private interests kept by these giant companies? The answer is in the negative. Ordinary citizens, that depends on proper governmental exercise of power need to know that it is merger in the media and entertainment industries that should alarm us most. We affirm that we depend on the media greatly because we need to have access to every idea, opinions, comments, criticisms and many other things that our political leaders profess in public (Wellstone, 2008, p. 1). It is also affirmed that our dependence on the media is due to the necessity of holding concentrated power, it may be public or private, to be accountable to the people in general (Wellstone, 2008, p. 1). As explained by Wellstone what we need then is a wide diversity of ownership and control of the media since it will result to proper performance of the aforementioned functions. Mizruchi discussed a very important topic in support of the claim that the democratic strength of the country can be affected on media merger including the dominion of giant corporations in the government control. It was stated that a few groups of people known as interest groups performing greater functions as heads of enormous organizations existed nowadays (Mizruchi, 2008, p. 60). These people have the power to build, and destroy communities as well as to generate great productivity and wealth (Mizruchi, 2007, p. 60). Yet, unfortunately they also exist to control the distribution of that wealth without regard for those who elected them like the stockholders or those who depended on them like the larger public (Mizruchi, 2008, p. 60). I line with that, post-capitalist society is a new system that is known as a further extension of democracy. In this system, there was a widespread dispersal of stockholders and corporations are publicly controlled (Mizruchi, 2008, p. 60). As such Misruchi found in his study of political behavior among huge companies in the US that inter-firm connections shaped by such factors as economic interdependence, common ownership were associated with the extent to which firms engaged in similar political behavior. This scenario is hoped to be maintained so that the people could be freed from bias operation of telecommunication companies. Shah shared to us that for a democratic country to succeed; people must be given the best opportunity to participate in decision-making and policy at least by means of their public opinion (Shah, 2007, p. 1). Yet, what is happening today as viewed by Shah is the increasing denial by giant telecommunication industry of true and accurate information in favor of the general public (Shah, 2007, p. 1). Most likely, if there is merger in giant telecommunication companies, the tendency is that they are not going to give accurate information if it will hurt or affect the elite owners and operators of the same (Shah, 2007, p. 1). Finally, in order to maintain the strength of our democratic processes, we must see to it that there is a wide diversity of ownership and control of the media. Governmental policies aimed to solve this problem must be formulated and implemented in such a way that it reflects that move.   References Mizruchi, M. (2008). Berle and Means Revisited: The Governance and Power of Large U. S. Corporations. United States of America: Univesity of Michigan. Nadir, R. Common Dreams. Org: News Center. (2005 April 26). Lack of Democracy in the United States. Retrieved June 19, 2008, from http://www.commondreams.org  /views05/0426-30.htm. Schiesel, S. The New York Times. . (2008, June 19). Telephone Giant: The Deal; $ 62 Billion Deal To Shift Balance in Phone Industry. Retrieved June 19, 2008, from http://query.nytimes.com./gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE2D81630F931A25756C0A96E958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all> Shah, A. (2007 April 1). Global Issues. Media in the United States. Retrieved June 19, 2008, from http://www.globalissues.org/HumanRights/Media/USA.asp. Wellstone, P. RobertMcChesney.Com. (2008). Media and Democracy. Retrieved June 19, 2008, from http://www.robertmcchesney.com/wellstone.html.

Literature review Essay

A reasonable risk assessment of sex offenders, when combined with good parole supervision and a community-based treatment program aimed at relapse prevention, effectively reduces recidivism. This was the finding of a study conducted by Wilson, Stewart, Stirpe, Barrett, and Cripps in Canada. Published in 2000, the study covered 107 sex offenders who were released to the custody of the Central Ontario District during a period of eight years starting in 1990. According to the authors, their study outlined the general principles laid down by Motiuk, Belcourt, and Bonta in 1995, namely: careful and continuous evaluation of offender risk which ensures that highly dangerous offenders were not allowed to return to the community by sentencing them to life in prison; focusing on criminal behavior when conducting intervention programs with the help of qualified psychologists; effective monitoring of the returning offenders’ activities in the community by employing only competent parole personnel trained in the principles of relapse prevention; and an honest exchange of information among the relatives of sex offenders, the parole personnel, and the treatment staff in order to achieve the right mix of treatment intervention and parole supervision. Wilson et al (2000) found that the strategy resulted to a low 3. 7% recidivism compared to the 5. 4% cited by the study of Motiuk and Brown, and the 6.3% recidivism rate which came out of the study conducted by Barbaree, Seto, and Maric. Both studies were completed in 1996 (Wilson, Stewart, Stirpe, Barrett, and Cripps, 2000). In West Virginia, Gordon and Weldon (2003). Examined the effect of educational programs on recidivism. Studying the records of inmates who attended the General Educational Development (GED) and the Vocational training programs conducted from 1999-2000 at Huttonsville Correctional Center, they found that a recidivism rate of 8. 75% was recorded for those who completed the vocational training program. Inmates who went through both the vocational training program and the GED, on the other hand, reported a lower 6. 71% recidivism rate. Both figures were way below the recidivism rate of 26% which was observed on inmates who did not participate in either educational program. These results were comparative to the findings of a study made by Mace in 1978 of 320 inmates who were discharged from correctional institutions in West Virginia in 1973. Out of the 320, 76 were rearrested after four years, 21 (or 6. 56%) of whom were products of educational programs behind bars while 55 (or 17. 19%) did not attend any educational program while being incarcerated (Gordon and Weldon, 2003). Meanwhile, two cost-effective programs were the subject of an article authored by Harvey Shrum in 2004. Published in the Journal of Correctional Education, the article discussed two additional practices called logotherapy and intensive journal which, according to him, were better at reducing â€Å"future criminality† of both offenders and potential offenders than punishment and surveillance-based programs. Logotherapy, which means â€Å"health through meaning,† was developed by Dr. Viktor Frankl as an effective substitute to the 12-step program of rehabilitation for drug and alcohol abusers generally accepted by most parole boards. The program aims to provide inmates with a â€Å"purpose and direction in life. † Introduced forty years ago to inmates of a California Rehabilitation Center, program participants reported a recidivism rate of 5. 5%. When it was re-introduced to nineteen inmates of Folsom State Prison in 1998, the three participants who were released on parole reported a zero percent recidivism by year 2004. Intensive journal, on the other hand, was first introduced at Folsom State Prison in 1992. Created by Dr. Ira Progoff, it is a â€Å"method of self-development† that makes use of writing exercises. Inmates were made to write about their experiences, relationships with their families, their jobs and health, and the meaning that they give to their lives in a journal. These journals were reviewed and feedbacks were provided. By 2002, ten years after the program was introduced, no participant was ever rearrested (Shrum, 2004). The debate on the value of using recidivism to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of correctional programs continues and, in fact, polarized justice scholars. A dissenting opinion was voiced by Thomas in 2005 when he said that prison facilities and programs have no influence over the behavior of inmates once they return to their communities. He argued that communities are influenced by certain social, cultural, and economic factors which are beyond the control of prison facilities. Policymakers and academics, however, refuse to budge. They insist that there is no other, better measure than the rate of recidivism. According to these academics and policymakers, effective rehabilitation measures should be able to provide inmates with coping mechanisms necessary for them to deal with the â€Å"economic, social, and cultural stresses of post-release life. † In the same vein, they argue that effective deterrence programs should produce inmates who should have learned enough lessons during incarceration to dissuade them from returning to a life of crime. In both cases, they maintain that low recidivism should be the direct result. Although inclined towards the use of recidivism, Maxwell, in an article entitled: â€Å"Rethinking the Broad Sweep of Recidivism: A Task for Evaluators,† suggested that academics should not stop looking for less familiar methods of approaching the problem while policymakers should maintain an open mind so that like policy questions could be considered more objectively (Maxwell, 2005). References Gordon, H. R. D., and Weldon, B. (2003). The Impact of Career and Technical Education Programs on Adult Offenders: Learning Behind Bars. Journal of Correctional Education, 54, 4, 200-209. Maxwell, S. R. (2005). RETHINKING THE BROAD SWEEP OF RECIDIVISM: A TASK FOR EVALUATORS. Criminology & Public Policy, 4, 3, 519-526. Shrum, H. (2004). No Longer Theory: Correctional Practices That Work. Journal of Correctional Education, 55, 3, 225-235. Wilson, R. J. , Stewart, L. , Stirpe, T. , Barrett, M. , and Cripps, J. E. (2000). Community-based sex offender management: Combining parole supervision and treatment to reduce recidivism. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 42, 2, 177-188.

The Relationship between Vocal Health and Contemporary Singing essay

The Relationship between Vocal Health and Contemporary Singing essay The Relationship between Vocal Health and Contemporary Singing essay The Relationship between Vocal Health and Contemporary Singing essayPeople of â€Å"vocal† professions – actors, singers, speakers, teachers, and others inevitably encounter in their activities with the problems of voice health care. However, little attention to voice hygiene in schools results in improper voice use leading to both acute and chronic illnesses that require treatment of phoniatrician, otolaryngologist, or phonopedist. Thus, at the early stages of the learning process, the vocal department students already form the attitude to the problem of maintaining the phonation function in working condition as to a medical issue, whereas in our view, a singer’s vocal health is primarily a pedagogical problem. In particular, we consider it fundamentally important for the learning process of vocalists to develop a system of measures to preserve the vocal health, and develop practical skills for its maintenance.First of all, it should be noted that the voice expl oitation should be carried out strictly according to individual capabilities, peculiarities of vocal apparatus structure and the level of singing skills. Irrational use of voice (unusual tessitura, prolonged singing, forcing sound) leads to diseases of the organs involved in voice generation, namely acute and chronic occupational laryngitis, papules on vocal cords, bleeding in vocal cords. In addition, contemporary singers very often face a situation where the vocalist finds oneself in acoustically uncomfortable conditions: singing in an anechoic room with a lot of upholstered furniture absorbing sound, singing at the rehearsal in a small room, especially with live drums, giving concert without foldback. As a result, for example, from 300 singers and musical groups of Tartu (Estonia), 85.3% suffered from disorders of voice, and 73% of them had abnormal larynx diagnosed by laryngoscopy and stroboscope. Further,145 persons had a chronic inflammation of the larynx, and 142 singers show ed functional disorders as a defect of the glottis closing, and uneven movement of cords (DeVore Cookman, 2009).Good voice hygiene suggests that vocal exercise should not last more than 45 minutes without a break, should be regular, start with singing warm-up and held in tessitura peculiar to the individual’s voice. Otherwise, overloading weakens laryngeal muscles, the voice loses its sonority, becomes uncontrollable, and excessive mucus accumulates in the larynx. At the same time, little, insufficient, irregular exercise leads to rapid fatigue of the apparatus, its poor endurance. In this case, it becomes crucial for the singers to develop the skill to listen to the body, learn its capabilities (Sataloff, 2006). The skill of muscle control while singing is the ability to â€Å"listen† to the muscles of the vocal apparatus, know the feelings of proper singing, which helps to cope with difficulties in acoustic changes, that is to be guided not by hearing, but by the us ual, tried and tested experience. This, for example, helps to sing well in the choir when the own voice is not heard.In turn, the training of individual vocal, auditory skills, and muscle control skills are directly related to the efficient vocal exercises. In particular, it is necessary to be able to prepare the voice for both, operation and recreation, which requires a vocalist to master special complexes like warm up and warm off. Thus, the shorter the performance is and the more time left to it, the longer the warm up is needed to be on top shape by the time of the performance (usually about 30 minutes). It is also necessary to warm up before each rehearsal. The load on the ligaments and the entire body should be reduced gradually as well. After singing is finished, conversational voice must sound normally, with no signs of hoarseness. If during the concert nothing unexpected happened to the voice, to relax, it is enough to sing the chromatic scale in the sound [i:] a few times or closed sound from a comfortable key in mid-range to the lowest note, and then pause for a while (Peckham, 2005). If the voice is somehow affected by the forcing, it is necessary to repeat this a few times to achieve the effect.Contemporary singers should also note the significance of the psycho-emotional state, as all the changes occurring in the human body primarily affect the voice function. Favorable psychological climate, joyous mood, upbeat tone, cheerfulness, keeping the sleep schedule – these are the keys to healthy vocalising. In particular, it is known that chronic sleep deprivation removes force and sonority of voice and leads to fatigue. Peckham’s study (2005) showed that a well-rested vocalist copes better with technically complex vocal techniques, has better concentration and more power to master new vocal exercises and musical pieces. Cold training and sports contribute to the overall strengthening of the body. Singers are particularly recommended to d o swimming, fencing, rowing, tennis, gymnastics and breathing exercises.Diet also influences the voice sound. In particular, for singers it is harmful to eat foods that irritate the mucous membrane spicy, bitter food in large amounts, overly sweet or sour, piping hot or icy cold foods, as well as carbonated water. In addition, digestion requires a rush of blood to the digestive organs, which decreases activity of voluntary muscles of the larynx. Full stomach also presses on the diaphragm and interferes with normal breathing. Therefore, it is recommended to have meal not later than 2-3 hours before the start of exercises or performances (Sataloff, 2006). It should also be borne in mind that before singing one should not eat nuts, seeds, biscuits, vegetable oil, chocolate, grapes, as small particles of these products are deposited in the folds of mucous membrane, can cause a feeling of tickling and desire to cough, which interferes the process of the vocal apparatus.Meanwhile, normal state of the vocal apparatus is when all the mucous membranes are moistened. Therefore, during singing exercises it is recommended to moisturize the throat drinking still water, and generally follow the adequate daily intake of water. The main factors of throat dryness are the insufficient room humidity, strong tea and alcohol abuse. Thus, the use of alcohol also leads to reddening of the mucosa, edema and release of large amounts of mucus, dry throat, stagnant circulation phenomena, and hoarseness. Smoking gives a similar effect: tobacco smoke containing nicotine, hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide and other harmful substances systematically irritating the mucous membrane of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi promotes the development of chronic respiratory diseases (DeVore Cookman, 2009). Therefore, it is recommended not only get rid of this bad habit, but also to stop singing in areas where others smoke or have just smoked.Hogikyan and colleagues at University of Mic higan summed up 10 tips to keep voice in shape (Hogikyan Rosen, 2002):Drink water to avoid dehydration, avoid alcohol and caffeine.Allow several â€Å"vocal naps† every day, especially during periods of extended use of voice.Do not smoke, or if you already do, quit.Do not abuse or misuse voice.Keep throat and neck muscles relaxed both when singing high and low notes.Control the everyday speech voice.Do not clear throat too often.When getting tired, spare the voice.Having to speak publicly to large groups or outdoors, think about using amplification to avoid straining the voice.Humidify home and work areas as moist air is good for the voice.In general, singing requires great concentration of attention, mobilization of emotional and mental resources, and intellectual energy of the singer. That is why it is necessary to remember the importance of compliance with the â€Å"safety rules† that exist to prevent singer from losing the voice, if not forever, then for a long ti me, as well as to keep the vocal apparatus in optimal shape. Constant quenching with fresh air, sun, water, regular physical and vocal exercises, work and rest regimes and keeping balance of physical and spiritual strength – this is what should get in the habit of a contemporary vocalist (Sataloff, 2006). We see the appropriate fundamental components of the concept of a singer’s vocal health as the prevention of respiratory diseases, voice hygiene and speech functions rehabilitation. At the same time, the notion of vocal health for the singer should be polysystemic and considered in conjunction with the functional well-being of other organs and systems of the human body, as well as it should not be abstract, but present part of the basis of training. Solution to this problem lies primarily on vocal coaches, who are personally responsible not only for the artistic and technical skill level, but also for the formation of skills to maintain the vocal health in future sing ers.

Bermuda Triangle

Have you ever wondered what The Bermuda Triangle is about and why it is a great mystery? Then my speech on the Bermuda triangle will help you understand more about this strange thing. The Bermuda triangle is a strange and mysterious region in the south West Atlantic ocean where people, ships, boats and air craft flying over it have been sucked in to its stormy waters or disappeared. The triangle is located in the islands of Bermuda, Miami, Florida and Puerto Rico and it is Also known as the devil’s triangle and covering an area of about 500000 miles. The need to undertake findings on the Bermuda triangle arose from what many journalists and other writers described the area to have experienced an extraordinarily high number of disappearances of ships, airplanes and people compared to any other region in the sea or ocean. The first notable sources of strange experiences in the region can be traced back to the 15th century. In one of his many voyages while in this region in 1492, Christopher Columbus reported cases of strange fire balls crushing into the ocean and compass malfunctions. Some have approximated the figures of disappearances in the last one hundred years as one hundred ships and planes each, and over a thousand people. Flight 19 Among the most notable cases of disappearances documented is â€Å"Flight 19†. On December 5th 1945, five fighter jets left Fort Lauderdale for a mission drill in the area defined by the triangle. The commander of the operation Charles Taylor was an experienced pilot although the other pilots were still students under his command. About one and half hours after take off, Taylor reported to the air traffic controllers that his compass was not functioning. The last faint radio signals to be heard indicated Taylor was in charge and flying farther away from the base in the wrong direction. One search operation plane was also lost during the search for flight 19. The remains of Flight 19 have not been spotted to date. Bermuda Triangle is an imaginary Theory In examining the above mentioned case of Flight 19, there were many indicators that Bermuda Triangle was an imaginary belief. All the documented evidence showed that Taylor had lost his way in deep sea and refused to control the the plane to a fellow pilot. A report was received that Flight 19 disappeared under mysterious circumstances. Columbus among many others are said to have sighted lights in the sky that are associated with UFOs. One of the claims about this triangle is that, UFOs are responsible for accidents and disappearances. There is no evidence to suggest that lights are not from flying saucers and as such must be from UFOs. Similarly, the source of light can be one or many things: a meteor, lightning or earthquake. Additionally, in times of Columbus tracing the direction depended on the sighting of North star only visible at dusk. During all those other hours at sea, one could get lost over any number of degrees in the compass in any direction. Conclusion In everyday life, such myths are a common place. Many people have spent much valuable time and resources in getting involved to these widely accepted â€Å"facts† in life. For instance, such beliefs could lead to potentially harmful behavior in case of sciences associated with health and medical practices. Examining the correctness of data and all the possible explanations to a phenomenon could be a great asset towards making important conclusions and decisions in life. Therefore the Bermuda triangle is case that has not yet been solved.

Crime Scene Documentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Crime Scene Documentation - Essay Example The photography technique requires the investigator to use both close-up coverage and medium coverage that will provide aerial and vertical view of the suspect positions and items left at the crime scene. The sketches will identify the surrounding area of the crime scene and possible positions of the suspects (Pepper, 2010). According to Ogle (2011), crime scene sketching aims at creating a permanent record of the distance relationship of the physical evidence and crime scene. Sketching will require the investigator to have folding ruler, graph paper, pencil, and flashlight since it is essential to take proportional measurements such as exit areas and bullet trajectory angles (Pepper, 2010). The sketch is critical in clarifying the information in photographs and videos since it enables the viewer to gauge the dimensions and distances. A sketch is essential in crime scene documentation since it assists during interviewing and interrogations, it relates the sequence of events at the scene, and establishes a precise relationship of objects found at the crime scene (Ogle, 2011). The sketches may include details such as size if the room, height of a door frame and distance from the door to the window. The projection view of the sketch will show the horizontal floor plan while the schematic perspective is essential in showing the sequence of events such bullet firing position (Horswell, 2010). Another aspect of sketching is the triangulation that will involve taking the distance and measurements from a central position such as bedroom. Crime investigators rely on the rectangular coordinate method of sketching measure the distance from two perpendicular items such as walls and doors. The polar coordinate method is mainly applicable in outdoor crime scenes where there is only one reference point such as road accidents (Ogle, 2011). The final